![]() ![]() ![]() Since it is in the causal past it can be described both as the cause and the source of the curvature, with the understanding that it is strictly outside of the Schwarzschild metric which is a pure vacuum solution in which the curvature has no source. This would be in the causal past of the vacuum region including the vacuum inside the horizon. So realistically, the cause of the curvature would be stress-energy that is outside of the vacuum solution, in the part of the universe not described by the Schwarzschild metric. A plane wave can match the vacuum region next to a sheet of current, and the Schwarzschild solution can match the vacuum region outside a collapsing star. So typically only a small portion of a vacuum solution is used to describe only a small portion of the universe starting at some matching boundary. So the universe is not actually described by a vacuum solution in either case. Now, both in Maxwell’s equations and in the EFE the vacuum solutions are not particularly realistic. The curvature in the Schwarzschild metric is simply a way that vacuum is allowed to curve even without any sources. ![]() In that solution there is no cause of the curvature any more than there is a cause of the plane wave in Maxwell’s equations. The stress energy tensor is the source of curvature, but just as in Maxwell’s equations there exist non trivial vacuum solutions, including the Schwarzschild metric. Similarly with the Einstein field equations (EFE). In other words Maxwell’s equations permit solutions where a wave simply exists and propagates forever without ever having any charges as a source. These are called vacuum solutions, and include plane waves. However, although charges are the source of the field there exist non trivial solutions to Maxwell’s equations that involve no sources. In Maxwell’s equations charge and current density are the sources of the electromagnetic field. That is not quite the same as being the cause.Īn easy analogy is with Maxwell’s equations. Technically, in GR the stress energy tensor is the source of curvature. ![]() This statement is slightly wrong and is the cause of your confusion here. GR describes curvature as being caused by stress-energy. If black holes are just an empty vacuum of space inside, then what causes the curvature? Still, how can the gravitational field itself cause the curvature, or how can it sustain itself? Gravity sustains itself, curvature means stress-energy in the gravitational field, and this energy causes curvature? But I do not understand how electrons and quarks can transform into gravitons. There are suggestions in the comments, that the collapsing star's gaseous matter transforms into the energy of the gravitational field itself. If there is no matter, no mass, nothing with stress-energy inside the black hole, except the singularity, but the singularity is not part of our spacetime, then what causes the curvature? Now, if the interior of the black hole, is a vacuum (the model is a vacuum solution), meaning the collapsed star's gaseous matter is not there (as far as I understand it is in the singularity), and the singularity is not part of our spacetime, then neither can cause curvature.Īgain, GR describes curvature as being caused by stress energy. This includes the singularity itself, which in this answer is described as being "off the metric", that is not part of our spacetime, hence, it cannot cause the curvature. This answer is using a vacuum solution to describe black holes, and you can read in the comments to that question that there is no need for any matter (or mass) to be present inside the black hole, it is just a vacuum, but spacetime itself is curved, and the gravitational field itself has the energy needed for the curvature itself. What are tidal forces inside a black hole?Īs far as I understand, as per general relativity, spacetime curvature is caused by stress-energy (not mass). The singularity is not doing anything and is not responsible for the gravitational field, it is a consequence of the field. But they are actually extended spacetime curvature structures (that imply the various phenomena). The fundamental confusion many have about black holes is thinking that they are discrete "things" surrounded by horizons and other phenomena. ![]()
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![]() ![]() This air dryer is nice and fits in the wall with some pieces of wood attached to the wall to enable the tubing and several other devices to hang on the wall as well. The creator started with purchasing a 60-gallon air compressor, then it goes from the compressor to the regulator, something that catches the moisture, and then finally to your air supply. All the tools were also gotten from Amazon, but you can try getting the same tools from your favorite online store. The materials needed for this project are at the end of the video, so watch from the beginning to the end so as not to miss a thing. ![]() How To Build A Cheap Compressed Air Dryerįor this tutorial, you will be working with some copper, and an air compressor. This works great when paired with a plasma cutter, paint sprayer, sandblasting cabinet, and a host of other air tools used in your shop. Although, if you like the concept used here in this video you can still give it a try it will take you a long time to finish than someone with more experience. This project is quite tasking, and advanced, if you're a beginner and looking to just build a simple air dryer, I suggest you try another guide on this list. Ultimate DIY Compressed Air Dryerįor the ultimate thrill of a compressed air dryer and getting clean and dry air for your shop and other places that you would want to keep an air dryer. See also 5 Tips to Clean Pine Cones for CraftsĬlick for more details 3. It might take some time to finish but it would be worth it in the end. You will need a Culligan sediment filter that costs up to $36.99 each, compressed female hose, 1 gallon of blue silica gel replacement, wood screens, large bolt cutters, heavy-duty hose clamps, mounting brackets with screws, and much more. Here’s another DIY guide that shows how to make a DIY compressed air dryer. With just 5 easy steps you can build this compressed air dryer effortlessly and you'll enjoy using it anytime anywhere.Ĭlick for more details 2. For this task, you need a PVC water pipe, some desiccant beads, and a few other supplies. This guide has an image that shows how the compressed air dryer was made, it's like a blueprint or manual that will teach you how to make it with ease. How To Build A Cheap Compressed Air Dryer ![]() ![]() ![]() The parser object created will be of the first parser type the system finds. Put it simply, when there is encoding declaration, don't decode the file. The makeparser Method Following method creates a new parser object and returns it. The parsing of our students.xml file starts at the root of the tree, namely the element, which contains the.When there is encoding declaration in the file, lxml wants to accept the raw bytes directly so that it can force a universal way of decoding instead of being handled in an arbitrary way by programmers. 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Posted: 19 October 2013 at 6:47pm | IP Logged There's a lot of crap on the radio, but there's only one Crap From The Past. 5 (1994).įor the vinyl LP version, go with Arista's Perfect 10 Rides Again (1985).įor the CD-era LP version, I'm going to recommend a CD that I don't have - Jive's Best Of, although any of the digital clones I listed should work just fine.Įdited by crapfromthepast on 18 October 2013 at 7:06pm Oops! Avoid.įor the 45 version, go with Rhino's Just Can't Get Enough Vol. 1 (1992) has the CD-era LP version, but ends prematurely at the 4:29 break. Simitar's Number Ones The '80s (1998 differently EQ'd digital clone of Cema disc)Īll of the above sound pretty good, except where noted.įinally, Sony Germany's 2-CD Pop And Wave Vol.Universal's Retro Lunchbox Squeeze The Cheeze (1997 differently EQ'd digital clone of Cema disc).Razor & Tie's Back To The '80s (1994 sounds very close to the Cema disc but is about 3 dB louder and clips a bit avoid).1 (1994 differently EQ'd digital clone of Cema disc) 4 New Wave Hits (1994 sounds great here likely a digital clone of Best Of) Cema's cheapie Greatest Hits Of The '80s Vol.1 1982-1983 (1999 digitally exactly 1 dB louder than Rock Of The '80s)Īlso based on track length, I'd say that these 5:03-ish versions all use the same analog transfer as Best Of: 1 (1992 sounds pretty good here - no obvious clipping (a problem with the later discs), but the waveform in the L channel clips a bit on the bottom, likely due to a bad A-to-D converter) I don't have either one.īased on track length (and with a good working history of the Priority discs), I'd say that the following are based on the Jive A Flock Of Seagulls CD: All of these include the 5:06 version with the noodly intro. ![]() The noodly-intro 5:06 version simply didn't exist back in 1982, when the song was a hit.ĭiscogs shows the release date for Jive's A Flock Of Seagulls CD as 1987, and for Jive's Best Of CD as 1986 for Europe and 1991 for the US. I think this may still be the only place to find it.įor the CD era, the true LP version was completely replaced with the 5:06 version that has the noodly synth intro for the first 40 seconds. The disc is a little quiet, and has about 6 dB of headroom on this track, but sounds just fine. This LP version is found on Arista's Perfect 10 Rides Again (1985). The true LP version, appearing on the vinyl LP, runs 3:57 and starts with the same opening cymbal hit as the 45. The 45 version on swaitek's 50-CD promo set The A List Disc 14 (1994) is from vinyl, and is probably from a TM Century disc - avoid. Rhino's Millennium New Wave Party (1999).Warner Special Products' 2-CD Punk (1996 has truncated fade - avoid does "punk" just mean "weird haircut"?).5 1982 (1994 differently-EQ'd digital clone) Time-Life's Sounds Of The Eighties Vol.Warner Special Products' 2-CD Rockin' USA (1994).All the other instances that I have of the 45 version use the same analog transfer as this Rhino disc, including: The 45 version initially appeared on CD on Rhino's Just Can't Get Enough Vol. Posted: 18 October 2013 at 6:57pm | IP Logged Topic: A Flock Of Seagulls - I Ran (So Far Away) Top 40 Music on Compact Disc : Chat Board ![]() Top 40 Music on Compact Disc: A Flock Of Seagulls - I Ran (So Far Away) ![]() ![]() It is easy to use and is good value for money. While it does include some excellent invoicing and reporting features, it does not offer double-entry and payroll which larger companies need. GoDaddy is the perfect choice for those who do not need an overly sophisticated accountancy tool. 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